The choice of lens format may differ for different applications. It depends on the specific requirements of the users, and the resolution of the camera sensor. Higher resolution is generally preferred for applications where detailed imaging is crucial, but factors such as field of view and distance to the target also play a significant role in selecting the appropriate lens. 

The night level is a darkness condition that is usually used in some applications. Below is the list describing the night level with the correspondence unit of illuminance:
Night level 1 : full moon condition, 40-1000 mlx
Night level 2 : half-moon condition, 10-40 mlx
Night level 3 : partial moon, 2-10 mlx
Night level 4 : clear starlight, 0.7-2 mlx 
Night level 5 : overcast starlight, 0-0.7 mlx
 

An active digital camera employs its own source of illumination to enhance visibility in low-light conditions. This camera actively emits additional light and captures the reflected signals. In contrast, a passive low-light camera relies solely on available ambient light, such as moonlight or starlight, without emitting any additional light of its own.

The performance of your mass spectrometer is often limited by the capabilities of the detector. Photonis developed an electron multiplier family called the MAGNUM™, which provides significantly improved performance by increasing linear output current, reducing noise, and increasing detector life.

Read paper:

Improved Lifetime and Performance for your Mass Spectrometer

If you want a true Channeltron® Electron Multiplier, you must come to Photonis. As the original manufacturer of these products, we have the experience and knowledge necessary to recommend the right detector for your instrument. For years, customers have been using Channeltrons® because of their superior ability to provide the most accurate analysis. Find out why Channeltrons® are considered to be the premium choice among instrument manufacturers.

Download the paper 

A Channeltron is an electron multiplier that is comprised of a hollow, semiconductive glass “channel” which has an ability to conduct (or transmit) electricity. Channel electron multipliers directly detect and amplify energetic photons and charged particles such as positive and negative ions, electrons and assorted molecular and subatomic particles. When an ion strikes the input face of the device, it causes the electrons on the outermost area of the atom to be released, causing a secondary electron emission. The number of secondary electrons released depends on several factors, such as the type of particle, the angle at which it strikes the surface, and the energy and characteristics of the surface that is struck. These electrons are then accelerated down the channel by a positive bias current which continues to produce additional secondary electron emissions (and so on) until, at the output end of a pulse of 107 to 108 electrons emerges.

The diagram below provides a visual representation of the working principle of Channeltron operation:

Photonis is the pioneer of Channeltron® Electron Multiplier technology, we possess the knowledge and expertise to recommend the ideal detector for your instrument. For years, customers have been using Channeltrons® because of their superior ability to provide the most accurate analysis. Find out why Channeltrons® are the premium choice among instrument manufacturers.
 

No. The interface of a module (Samtec connector) is not a standard interface that is directly accessible by a PC on any given operating system.

To interface a digital or analog module you need to know:

• 
  XSP: Xenics serial protocol or how the protocol works to do the command and control with the module.
  -There is a separate document concerning the XSP protocol
• Property and register description: Describes what kind of value and at which address you need to talk to the module to control all the properties.
  -You can find this information in the manual of the module.
• Pin-out of the Samtec connector: Describes the physical layout of all the pins, communication, video, trigger, power supply, etc..
  -You can find this information in the manual of the module.

The only cases you can directly access a module is when the module has a standard interface that is accessible by a PC with any operating system. The OEM module needs to have one of the following interfaces:

• Cameralink
• RS232
• GigE vision

Only for those modules, Xeneth and the related SDK can be used directly.